Effectiveness of Switching to Long-acting Injectable Aripiprazole in Patients with Recent-onset and Chronic Schizophrenia

Objective@#This study investigated the effectiveness of switching to once-monthly long-acting injectable (LAI) aripiprazole from other second-generation antipsychotics including LAI paliperidone palmitate in both recent-onset and chronic schizophrenia patients. @*Methods@#This was a 24-week prospective, open-label, flexible dose-switching study in patients with schizophrenia. Scores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale, Clinical Global Impression (CGI), Subjective Well-being Under Neuroleptics−Short Form (SWN-K), and a computerized emotional recognition test (ERT) were evaluated. Subjects were divided into two groups (recent onset and chronic) based on 5 years’ duration of the illness. @*Results@#Among the 82 patients participating, 67 (81.7%) completed the 24-week study. The discontinuation rate after switching to LAI aripiprazole did not differ according to clinical characteristics including type of previous antipsychotics. Scores on the PANSS, PSP, SWN-K, CGI, and ERT were significantly improved after a switch to LAI aripiprazole without exacerbation of metabolic parameters and bodyweight. The improvements in the PANSS, PSP, and CGI scores were significantly greater in patients with recent-onset than in those with chronic schizophrenia; the improvement in metabolic parameters was significantly greater in the latter group. @*Conclusion@#High rates of successful switching to LAI aripiprazole from other antipsychotics suggest its good tolerability and effectiveness. Improvements in psychopathology and social functioning were more evident in patients with recent-onset schizophrenia, and improvements in metabolic abnormalities were more prominent in patients with chronic schizophrenia.

Effects of Dietary Habits on General and Abdominal Obesity in Community-dwelling Patients with Schizophrenia

Objective@#To investigate the effects of dietary habits on general and abdominal obesity in community-dwelling patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder according to sex. @*Methods@#A total of 270 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder registered at mental health welfare centers and rehabilitation facilities were recruited. General obesity was defined as a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m 2 , and abdominal obesity was defined as a waist circumstance ≥ 90 cm in men and ≥ 85 cm in women. Dietary habits were evaluated using dietary guidelines published by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare. Demographic and clinical characteristics along with dietary habits and information related to obesity were collected. Factors related to obesity were evaluated separately by sex. @*Results@#Dietary habits differed according to sex, in that scores for healthy eating habits were lower in men than in women. In men, the prevalences of general and abdominal obesity were 17.0% and 37.3%, respectively. In women, the prevalences of general and abdominal obesity were 23.1% and 38.5%, respectively. Regression analysis showed that the scores of regular eating habits were negatively associated with general and abdominal obesity in men, and the scores of healthy eating habits were negatively associated with general and abdominal obesity in women. @*Conclusion@#Among patients with schizophrenia, regular eating habits might reduce the risk of obesity in men, and healthy eating habits might reduce the risk of obesity in women. Nutrition education should be provided to community-dwelling patients with schizophrenia to prevent obesity in this population.

Ghrelin Modifies the Impact of Life Stress on Suicidality in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome

Objective@#This study investigated associations of life stressors and serum ghrelin levels with suicidal ideation (SI), and evaluated the potential mediating effect of ghrelin on associations between life stressors and SI in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). @*Methods@#In total, 969 ACS patients recruited from a tertiary university hospital in Korea within 2 weeks of disease onset were evaluated in terms of life stressors (using the List of Threatening Events Questionnaire), serum ghrelin levels, and SI (using the “suicidal thoughts” item of the Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale). Covariates included sociodemographics, depression, vascular risk factors, and disease severity. After 1 year, 711 patients were re-evaluated in terms of SI; logistic regression was performed with adjustment for covariates. @*Results@#Life stressors were significantly associated with SI at baseline and follow-up. Serum ghrelin showed no such associations, but high levels thereof mediated associations of life stressors with SI; significant interaction terms were also observed after adjustment for covariates. @*Conclusion@#By evaluating life stressors and serum ghrelin levels, clinical prediction of SI in the acute and chronic phases of ACS could be improved.

The Effect of Fear of COVID-19 Infection and Anxiety on Loneliness: Moderated Mediation Effects of Gratitude

Objective@#This study was conducted to identify factors related to loneliness during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and focused on how the fear of COVID-19 infection affects loneliness and the conditional effect of gratitude as a moderator in the relationship among the fear of COVID-19, anxiety, and loneliness. @*Methods@#For the analysis of this study, a survey was conducted among 1,500 individuals aged 19 to 69 years living in three metropolitan areas in South Korea. Questionnaires included sociodemographic data, psychological experience and stress associated with COVID-19, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale–7, UCLA Loneliness Scale–3, and Gratitude Questionnaire–6. An analysis was conducted by applying SPSS PROCESS macro models 4 and 7. @*Results@#First, anxiety mediated the relationship between the fear of COVID-19 infection and loneliness. Second, the effect of the fear of COVID-19 infection on loneliness through anxiety was moderated by gratitude. The higher the gratitude, the more the fear of COVID-19 infection is buffered in the path to anxiety, and the lower the indirect effect on loneliness. @*Conclusion@#This suggests that in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, interventions for psychological problems such as anxiety and loneliness can be carried out through gratitude, a significant protective variable.

Effect Modification of Cortisol on the Associations Between Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms on Suicidality in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome

Objective@#Obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) and suicidal ideation (SI) are common in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This study investigated the associations of OCS and serum cortisol levels with SI, and further evaluated the possible modifying effects of cortisol on the associations between OCS and SI in acute and chronic phases of ACS. @*Methods@#In total, 969 ACS patients were recruited from a tertiary university hospital in Korea within 2 weeks of disease onset and evaluated in terms of OCS (using the OCS dimension of the Symptom Checklist-90–Revised), serum cortisol levels, and SI (using the “suicidal thoughts” item of the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale). Covariates included sociodemographics, depression, vascular risk factors, and disease severity. After 1 year, 711 patients were re-evaluated in terms of SI. Logistic regression analysis was performed with adjustment for covariates. @*Results@#Higher OCS was significantly associated with SI both at baseline and follow-up. Serum cortisol showed no such association, but modified the association between OCS and SI. That was the associations were significant only in the higher but not in the lower serum cortisol levels, with significant interaction terms after adjusted for relevant covariates. @*Conclusion@#Evaluating OCS and serum cortisol levels at the acute phase could improve the accuracy of clinical predictions of SI both in the acute and chronic phases of ACS.

Development of a Machine Learning Model for Diagnosing Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Based on Diffusion Tensor Imaging: A Preliminary Study / 생물치료정신의학

Objectives@#This study aimed to develop a machine learning model for diagnosing schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) based on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data. @*Methods@#We used 3T-magnetic resonance imaging to examine SZ, BD, healthy control (HC) subjects (aged 20-50 years, n=65 in each group). Applying Support Vector Machine (SVM) to fractional anisotropy (FA) values, we built classification models of SZ and HC, BD and HC, and SZ and BD. Features of white matter (WM) tracts were selected through recursive feature elimination, and 5-fold cross validation was performed. @*Results@#The SVM models classified SZ and BD from HC with a mean accuracy of 83.5% and 75.4%, respectively. The SZ-BD classification model archived 75.0% accuracy. These classification models used FA values in 15-18 WM tracts as features, including the retrolenticular part of the internal capsule, superior corona radiata, cingulum, and superior fronto-occipital fasciculus. @*Conclusions@#This study presented a preliminary machine learning model to diagnose SZ and BD based on DTI data. Our findings also suggest that there might be a specific pattern of abnormalities in WM integrity that can differentiate the two psychotic disorders.

Suicide and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury From Internet Addiction Among Korean Adolescents

Objectives@#This study examined the associations between Internet addiction and suicide and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among South Korean adolescents. @*Methods@#We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1694 Korean adolescents. The suicidal Ideation Questionnaire and Deliberate SelfHarm Inventories were used to identify high-risk suicide and NSSI groups, respectively. Internet addiction was assessed using the Internet Addiction Scale. Other questionnaires included sociodemographic data, perceived academic stress, and daily life-related factors. We also performed a logistic regression analysis using the high suicide risk and NSSI groups as dependent variables. @*Results@#The high suicide risk and NSSI prevalence rates among participants were 11.8% and 28.3%, respectively. A multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that Internet addiction is associated with higher suicide risk and NSSI. Additionally, being female and academic stress were significant suicide risk factors, while male participants had a higher NSSI prevalence. @*Conclusion@#Our results suggest that monitoring adolescents’ Internet use and providing education to prevent Internet addiction would lower high suicide and NSSI risk. Moreover, suicide and NSSI risk screening in adolescents with Internet addiction and providing suitable interventions will be essential for the preventing suicide and NSSI.

Psychological and Personality Characteristics Associated With COVID-19 Vaccination Behavior in Korean General Population

Background@#This study characterized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination behavior in the Korean general population using cluster analysis and explored related psychological factors. @*Methods@#We categorized 1,500 individuals based on their attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination using hierarchical clustering and identified their level of vaccine acceptance. We examined the associations between vaccine acceptance and behavioral and psychological characteristics. @*Results@#Clustering revealed three groups according to vaccine acceptance: ‘totally accepting’ (n = 354, 23.6%), ‘somewhat accepting’ (n = 523, 34.9%), and ‘reluctant’ (n = 623, 41.5%). Approximately 60% of all participants who belonged to the ‘totally accepting’ and ‘somewhat accepting’ groups were willing to receive a COVID-19 vaccine despite concerns about its side effects. High vaccine acceptance was associated with older age, regular influenza vaccination, and trust in formal sources of information. Participants with high vaccine acceptance had higher levels of gratitude, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, and lower levels of depression, anxiety, and neuroticism. @*Conclusions@#People weighed the benefits of COVID-19 vaccination against the risk of side effects when deciding to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Our findings also indicate that this vaccination behavior may be affected by coping mechanisms and psychological factors.

Possible Link between Serotonin and Interleukin 18 on Suicidality in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Objective@#We investigated effects of serum serotonin and interleukin 18 levels on suicidal ideation (SI) at acute and chronic phases of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). @*Methods@#Recent-onset 969 ACS patients were evaluated for serum serotonin and interleukin 18 levels; and SI by the“suicidal thoughts” item of the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. After 1-year, 711 patients were re-evaluated for SI. Logistic regression models were used adjustment for potential covariates. @*Results@#Associations between serum interleukin 18 and SI at both phases were significant only in the lower serotonin group. @*Conclusion@#By evaluating serum serotonin and interleukin 18 levels, the clinical prediction of SI of ACS may be improved.

Development of a Checklist for Predicting Suicidality Based on Risk and Protective Factors: The Gwangju Checklist for Evaluation of Suicidality

Objective@#The aim of the study was to develop a checklist for mental health clinicians to predict and manage suicidality. @*Methods@#A literature review of the risk and protective factors for suicide was conducted to develop a checklist for evaluating suicidality. @*Results@#The fixed risk factors included sex (male), age (older individuals), history of childhood adversity, and a family history of suicide. Changeable risk factors included marital status (single), economic status (poverty), physical illness, history of psychiatric hospitalization, and history of suicide attempts. Recent discharge from a mental hospital and a recent history of suicide attempts were also included. Manageable risk factors included depression (history and current), alcohol problems (frequent drinking and alcohol abuse), hopelessness, agitation, impulsivity, impaired reality testing, and command hallucinations. Protective factors included responsibility to family, social support, moral objections to suicide, religiosity, motivation to get treatment, ability to cope with stress, and a healthy lifestyle. A final score was assigned based on the sum of the risk and protective factor scores. @*Conclusion@#We believe that the development of this checklist will help mental health clinicians to better assess those at risk for suicidal behavior. Further studies are necessary to validate the checklist.

Structural Model Analysis of Discriminatory Behavior Toward People With Severe Mental Illness

Objective@#This study aimed to determine how prejudice and attitude toward people with severe mental illness, formed through exposure to the mass media, affect discriminatory behavior toward them. @*Methods@#Between September and November 2019, demographic data were collected using an online survey of 622 adults residing in South Korea. The scales used in this study were taken from the 2008 survey by the National Human Rights Commission of Korea. Structural equation modeling was performed for a comparative analysis of the direct and indirect effects. @*Results@#Virtual experience through mass media exposure had a statistically significant effect on prejudice against people with severe mental illness. Direct experience had a positive influence on reducing prejudice and discriminatory behavior. The direct effects of prejudice on discriminatory behavior were significant. In terms of indirect effects, the full mediating effect of prejudice was significant for the virtual experience through the mass media-prejudice-discriminatory behavior path, and the partial mediating effect of prejudice was significant on the direct experience-prejudice-discrimination behavior path. @*Conclusion@#This study recommends more careful reporting of mental illness in the media, promoting anti-stigmatization programs that provide opportunities for direct contact between the public and people with severe mental illness.

Factors Associated With Depression and Anxiety in Korean Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Objective@#This study was performed to identify factors associated with depression and anxiety among Korean adolescents during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. @*Methods@#We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1,898 Korean adolescents (55.2% male, 44.8% female) ranging in age from 12 to 17 years (mean±standard deviaion age, 15.4±2.6 years). Depression and anxiety were defined as a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ≥10 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 score ≥10, respectively. Other questionnaires included sociodemographic data, psychosocial stresses, and experiences in association with COVID-19. Psychiatric scales included Gratitude Questionnaire-6, Perceived Stress Scale-10, and UCLA Loneliness Scale-3. @*Results@#The prevalence rates of depressive and anxiety symptoms among participants were 13.8% and 21.0%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that female sex, fear of COVID-19 infection, low gratitude were risk factors for depression. Fear of COVID-19 infection, increased TV watching time, and academic-related stress were risk factors for anxiety. @*Conclusion@#Depression and anxiety were prevalent during the pandemic in Korean adolescents, and were associated with fear of COVID-19 infection. Providing appropriate information on COVID-19, helping adolescents manage academic-related stress and maintain daily life patterns, and implementing interventions to foster gratitude are important for preventing depression and anxiety in Korean adolescents.

Associations of Serum Serotonin Levels with 12-week and 12-month Remission in Patients with Depressive Disorders

Objective@#To investigate associations between baseline serum serotonin levels and short- and long-term treatment outcomes in outpatients with depressive disorders in a naturalistic one-year prospective study design. @*Methods@#Patients were recruited at a University hospital in South Korea from March 2012 to April 2017. At baseline, blood samples were obtained from 1,094 patients who received initial antidepressant monotherapy (Step 1). After the Step 1 treatment, further treatment steps (at least Steps 2−4) could be administered every 3 weeks during the acute treatment phase (3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks; n = 1,086), and every 3 months during the continuation treatment phase (6, 9, and 12 months; n = 884). In cases showing an insufficient response or intolerable side effects, patients were asked to choose whether to remain at the current step or enter the next treatment step, with alternative strategies including switching, augmentation, combination, and a mixture of these approaches. Remission was defined as a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score of ≤ 7. @*Results@#The remission group had significantly higher baseline serum serotonin levels among patients who received Step 1 monotherapy in both acute and continuation treatment phases. These associations remained significant after adjustment for relevant covariates. No associations were found with any other treatment steps. @*Conclusion@#Baseline serum serotonin levels may be used as a biomarker for predicting short- and long-term treatment outcomes in antidepressant monotherapy-treated patients with depressive disorders in a real-world clinical setting.

Decline in Hospital Visits by Patients with Schizophrenia Early in the COVID-19 Outbreak in Korea

Objective@#This study investigated trends in hospital utilization by patients with schizophrenia during the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea. @*Methods@#The Prophet algorithm was used to predict the monthly number of patients with schizophrenia in 2020 based on medical insurance data between 2010 and 2019. The projected expectations were compared with the actual number of patients receiving outpatient and inpatient treatment each month in the first half of 2020. We conduct interrupted time series analyses of short-term data to determine the significance of recent changes in the trend of hospital visits by patients with schizophrenia. @*Results@#The prediction model showed that the actual number of patients receiving treatment each month during the early COVID-19 outbreak decreased by up to 3.6% compared to the projected expectations. The interrupted time series model also revealed a significant change in hospital utilization compared to the year before the onset of COVID-19 in Korea (F = 8.961, p = 0.010). @*Conclusion@#This suggests that many patients with schizophrenia were not receiving adequate treatment during the COVID-19 outbreak. A strategy should be developed to keep treating patients with schizophrenia during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Development of the Korea-Polyenvironmental Risk Score for Psychosis

Objective@#Comprehensive understanding of polyenvironmental risk factors for the development of psychosis is important. Based on a review of related evidence, we developed the Korea Polyenvironmental Risk Score (K-PERS) for psychosis. We investigated whether the K-PERS can differentiate patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) from healthy controls (HCs). @*Methods@#We reviewed existing tools for measuring polyenvironmental risk factors for psychosis, including the Maudsley Environmental Risk Score (ERS), polyenviromic risk score (PERS), and Psychosis Polyrisk Score (PPS). Using odds ratios and relative risks for Western studies and the “population proportion” (PP) of risk factors for Korean data, we developed the K-PERS, and compared the scores thereon between patients with SSDs and HCs. In addition, correlation was performed between the K-PERS and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). @*Results@#We first constructed the “K-PERS-I,” comprising five factors based on the PPS, and then the “K-PERS-II” comprising six factors based on the ERS. The instruments accurately predicted participants’ status (case vs. control). In addition, the K-PERS-I and -II scores exhibited significant negative correlations with the negative symptom factor score of the PANSS. @*Conclusion@#The K-PERS is the first comprehensive tool developed based on PP data obtained from Korean studies that measures polyenvironmental risk factors for psychosis. Using pilot data, the K-PERS predicted patient status (SSD vs. HC). Further research is warranted to examine the relationship of K-PERS scores with clinical outcomes of psychosis and schizophrenia.

Changing Seasonal Pattern of Suicides in Korea Between 2000 and 2019

Objective@#This study aimed to investigate the changing seasonal pattern of suicides in Korea between 2000 and 2019. @*Methods@#We calculated a seasonal pattern of suicides between 2000 and 2019 using a non-stationary cosinor model. In addition, we estimated the effect of each month on the suicide incidence compared to a reference month, using a generalized linear model with a categorical variable of the month. Then, we visualized the rate ratio curves of suicides by gender, age group, and subperiod. @*Results@#We observed a seasonal pattern of suicides in Korea with a spring peak and a winter trough. The seasonal ups and downs were most pronounced in suicides among the elderly ≥65 years. However, the seasonal pattern has not been consistent over the past two decades, with lowering seasonal peaks since 2012. The amplitude of seasonality was also lower in 2010–2019 than in 2000–2009. @*Conclusion@#The seasonal pattern of suicides seems to have diminished in Korea in recent years. Thus, we need further studies to investigate climatic and non-climatic factors influencing the seasonality of suicides and the consequence of the change.

Early Intervention Model for Mental Health in Korean Youth: Mindlink / 대한정신분열병학회지

Early detection and intervention are necessary to prevent deterioration and promote recovery in patients with schizophrenia. Mindlink is the first community-based early intervention center for young people with mental illness in Korea. This service was introduced in 2012 as a national mental health pilot project in Bukgu, Gwangju Metropolitan City. Due to the increase in the number of young clients, a youth-friendly, early intervention center called Mindlink was established in 2016. Mindlink is a comprehensive mental health service provided throughout multidisciplinary collaboration. It provides intensive case management and group programs, including cognitive behavioural therapy, family intervention, psychoeducation, motivational enhancement, and physical health promotion. The Korean government has stated that the Mindlink model is effective and is currently expanding the model to other areas in Korea. An increasing number of young people with distressing mental illnesses and their family members are approaching Mindlink for help. They are seeking early psychiatric intervention despite the stigma associated with mental illnesses. Our experience with the Mindlink model suggests that investing in improving the mental health in youth and in service delivery can overcome the stigma associated with mental illnesses and other barriers to mental health services. There is currently a lack of comprehensive mental health services for youth, which is a major problem. An accessible, youth-friendly, stigma-free, community mental health center, such as Mindlink, allows early detection and management of mental illnesses in young patients. Therefore, developing early intervention centers at the national level is urgently required.

Standardization and Validation of the Korean Version of Demoralization Scale-II (DS-II-Kr) in Cancer Patients / 신경정신의학

Objectives@#Demoralization, which results from the inability to cope, is characterized by hopelessness, helplessness, and loss of the meaning and purpose of life. Although demoralization is prevalent in patients with chronic illness, including cancer, a Korean version of the scale has not been developed and validated. Thus, we translated into Korean and validated a version of the Demoralization Scale-II (DS-II-Kr) for cancer patients. @*Methods@#This cross-sectional study recruited cancer patients and survivors who visited a mental health clinic in a cancer hospital. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and concurrent validity of DS-II-Kr were assessed. Additionally, the construct validity of two sub-factors was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. The optimal DS-II-Kr cut-off point was determined by logistic regression analysis based on the distress cut-off in the Hospital Anxiety-Depression Scale (HADS). @*Results@#This study included 105 participants. The mean and standard deviation for total DS-IIKr scores were 11.9 and 7.6, respectively. The scale demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Goodness-of-fit analysis was moderate for the Meaning and Purpose subscale, and a good fit was found for the Distress and Coping Ability subscale. The DS-II-Kr cut-off value based on HADS was 10 (≤10 vs. >10). @*Conclusion@#The DS-II-Kr is a useful tool for assessing demoralization in clinical and research settings. However, further studies are needed to confirm the optimal DS-II-Kr cut-off score. External validation in other populations is also needed.

Self-Reported Versus Caregiver-Reported Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Elderly with Cognitive Impairment / 생물치료정신의학

Objectives@#：The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between elderly with cognitive impairment and caregiver ratings on quality of life in the participants. Furthermore, we assessed the relationship between elderly’s quality of life and cognitive function, activities of daily living, and depression. @*Methods@#：Seventy community-dwelling elderly with cognitive impairment and their caregivers participated. Each participants assessed elderly’s quality of life using the Korean version of Quality of Life-Alzheimer’s Disease (KQOL-AD) scale. The Korean Mini Mental Status Exam in the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) assessment packet (MMSE-KC), Seoul-instrumental activities of daily living (S-IADL) and Short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale (SGDS) were also evaluated. @*Results@#：There were significant correlations between elderly and caregiver reports on all quality of life items and total KQOL-AD scores. There were no significant differences between them on all QOL items, except marriage.Total KQOL-AD Scores of self-reported quality of life were significantly correlated with SGDS scores (r=-0.623). Total KQOLAD scores of caregiver-reported quality of life were significantly correlated with MMSE-KC, S-IADL, and SGDS scores (r=0.239, r=-0.539, r=-0.384, respectively). @*Conclusions@#：Both self-reported quality of life and caregiver-reported quality of life in elderly with cognitive impairment were negatively associated with depression. Therefore, appropriated psychiatric intervention of depression in the elderly is essential to increase quality of life.

Genetic Differences between Physical Injury Patients With and Without Post-traumatic Syndrome: Focus on Secondary Findings and Potential Variants Revealed by Whole Exome Sequencing

Objective@#Sudden traumatic physical injuries often cause psychological distress, which may be associated with chronic disability. Although considerable effort has been expended to identify genetic predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after traumatic events, genetic predictors of psychological distress in response to severe physical injuries have been yet to be elucidated using whole exome sequencing (WES). Here, the genetic architecture of post-traumatic syndrome (PTS), which encompasses a broad range of psychiatric disorders after traumatic events including depression, anxiety disorder, acute stress disorder, and PTSD, was explored using WES in severely physically injured patients, focusing on secondary findings and potential PTS-related variants. @*Methods@#In total, 141 severely physically injured patients were consecutively recruited, and PTS was evaluated within 1 month of the injury. Secondary findings were analyzed according to PTS status. To identify PTS-related variants, genome-wide association analyses and the optimal sequencing kernel association test were performed. @*Results@#Of the 141 patients, 88 (62%) experienced PTS. There were 108 disease-causing variants in severely physically injured patients. As secondary findings, the stress- and inflammation-related signaling pathways were enriched in the PTS patients, while the glucose metabolism pathway was enriched in those without PTS. However, no significant PTS-related variants were identified. @*Conclusion@#Our findings suggest that genetic alterations in stress and inflammatory pathways might increase the likelihood of PTS immediately after severe physical injury. Future studies with larger samples and longitudinal designs are needed.